Recent Position Statements, Consensus Statements, Policy Statements, Guidelines, and Recommendations Related to Sports Medicine

	Guideline (link to SMR summary)	Date Posted
1	Exercise-Based Knee and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention	9/19/2018
2	Recommendations for participation in competitive sports of athletes with arterial hypertension: a position statement from the sports cardiology section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC)	9/11/2018
3	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline on the Diagnosis and Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Among Children	9/10/2018
4	Recommendations for participation in leisure time or competitive sports in athletes-patients with coronary artery disease: a position statement from the Sports Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC)	8/13/2018
5	Concussion management in combat sports: consensus statement from the Association of Ringside	8/8/2018
6	Nonoperative treatment of muscle injuries - recommendations from the GOTS expert meeting	7/17/2018
7	The NBA and Youth Basketball: Recommendations for Promoting a Healthy and Positive Experience	7/12/2018
8	2018 Consensus statement on exercise therapy and physical interventions (orthoses, taping and manual therapy) to treat patellofemoral pain: recommendations from the 5th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Gold Coast, Australia, 2017.	7/10/2018
9	Italian consensus conference on guidelines for conservative treatment on lower limb muscle injuries in athlete	6/27/2018
10	Clinical indications for musculoskeletal ultrasound updated in 2017 by European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology (ESSR) consensus	6/26/2018
11	Clinical assessment of acute lateral ankle sprain injuries (ROAST): 2019 consensus statement and recommendations of the International Ankle Consortium	6/19/2018
12	The ESSKA-AFAS international consensus statement on peroneal tendon pathologies	6/13/2018
13	International Olympic Committee (IOC) Consensus Statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S): 2018 Update	5/31/2018
14	Female Athlete Issues for the Team Physician: A Consensus Statement-2017 Update	5/1/2018
15	An update to the AIS-AMA position statement on concussion in sport	4/30/2018
16	National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Evaluation, Management, and Outcomes of and Return-to- Play Criteria for Overhead Athletes With Superior Labral Anterior-Posterior Injuries	4/24/2018
17	National Football League Head, Neck and Spine Committee's Concussion Diagnosis and Management Protocol: 2017-18 season	4/5/2018
18	Position Statement of the Arthroscopy Association of Canada (AAC) Concerning Arthroscopy of the Knee Joint-September 2017	4/4/2018
19	IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete	3/27/2018
20	Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ankle sprains: update of an evidence-based clinical guideline	3/20/2018
21	Implementation of the 2017 Berlin Concussion in Sport Group Consensus Statement in contact and collision sports: a joint position statement from 11 national and international sports organisations	3/15/2018
22	2018 International Olympic Committee consensus statement on prevention, diagnosis and management of paediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries	3/13/2018
23	Patellofemoral Instability: A Consensus Statement From the AOSSM/PFF Patellofemoral Instability Workshop.	3/1/2018
24	Risk factors, diagnosis and non-surgical treatment for meniscal tears: evidence and recommendations: a statement paper commissioned by the Danish Society of Sports Physical Therapy (DSSF)	2/15/2018
25	Consensus Statement- Prehospital Care of Exertional Heat Stroke.	1/26/2018
26	American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons Clinical Consensus Statement: Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Acquired Infracalcaneal Heel Pain.	1/24/2018
27	National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Prevention of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury	1/15/2018
28	Guidelines for the Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries	12/13/2017
29	Spanish Consensus Statement: Clinical Management and Treatment of Tendinopathies in Sport	12/8/2017
30	Evidence-based concepts for prevention of knee and ACL injuries. 2017 guidelines of the ligament committee of the German Knee Society (DKG).	11/27/2017
31	Return to play after hamstring injuries in football (soccer): a worldwide Delphi procedure regarding definition, medical criteria and decision-making	11/24/2017
32	European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) and European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) joint position statement: recommendations for the indication and interpretation of cardiovascular imaging in the evaluation of the athlete's heart	11/10/2017
33	International patellofemoral osteoarthritis consortium: Consensus statement on the diagnosis, burden, outcome measures, prognosis, risk factors and treatment.	11/3/2017
34	Position Statement From the Australian Knee Society on Arthroscopic Surgery of the Knee, Including Reference to the Presence of Osteoarthritis or Degenerative Joint Disease: Updated October 2016	10/20/2017
35	National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Fluid Replacement for the Physically Active	10/16/2017
36	International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing	9/27/2017
37	International Olympic Committee consensus statement on pain management in elite athletes	9/5/2017
38	Neck Pain: Revision 2017	7/12/2017
39	The Role of Athletic Trainers in Preventing and Managing Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis in Physically Active Populations: a Consensus Statement of the Athletic Trainers' Osteoarthritis Consortium	7/10/2017
40	ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Stress (Fatigue/Insufficiency) Fracture, Including Sacrum, Excluding Other Vertebrae	6/2/2017
41	Monitoring Athlete Training Loads: Consensus Statement	5/15/2017
42	Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016.	5/12/2017
43	The Inter-Association Task Force Document on Emergency Health and Safety: Best-Practice Recommendations for Youth Sports Leagues	5/1/2017
44	Psychological Issues Related to Illness and Injury in Athletes and the Team Physician: A Consensus Statement-2016 Update.	4/24/2017
45	2017 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Syncope: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Heart Rhythm Society.	3/27/2017
46	American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons Clinical Consensus Statement: Perioperative Management.	3/20/2017
47	International Recommendations for Electrocardiographic Interpretation in Athletes.	3/6/2017
48	Anterolateral Ligament Expert Group consensus paper on the management of internal rotation and instability of the anterior cruciate ligament - deficient knee.	2/27/2017
49	National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Management of Acute Skin Trauma	1/24/2017
50	Australian Institute of Sport and Australian Medical Association Position Statement on Concussion in Sport	1/23/2017
51	Ethics of genetic testing and research in sport: a position statement from the Australian Institute of Sport	12/8/2016
52	National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Preventing and Managing Sport-Related Dental and Oral Injuries	11/30/2016
53	International consensus on the definition and classification of fibrosis of the knee joint	11/24/2016
54	Pre-participation cardiovascular evaluation for athletic participants to prevent sudden death: Position paper from the EHRA and the EACPR, branches of the ESC. Endorsed by APHRS, HRS, and SOLAECE.	11/22/2016
55	Statements of Agreement From the Targeted Evaluation and Active Management (TEAM) Approaches to Treating Concussion Meeting Held in Pittsburgh, October 15-16, 2015.	11/18/2016
56	Exercise and pregnancy in recreational and elite athletes: 2016 evidence summary from the IOC expert group meeting, Lausanne	11/14/2016
57	The Warwick Agreement on femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAI syndrome): an international consensus statement	9/23/2016
58	AMSSM Position Statement on Cardiovascular Preparticipation Screening in Athletes: Current Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, Recommendations, and Future Directions.	9/16/2016
59	Sports Specialization and Intensive Training in Young Athletes	9/8/2016
60	Evidence-based clinical practice update: practice guidelines for anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation based on a systematic review and multidisciplinary consensus	9/2/2016
61	How much is too much? International Olympic Committee consensus statements on load in sport and risk of injury and illness	8/22/2016
62	2016 Patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester. Part 1: Terminology, definitions, clinical examination, natural history, patellofemoral osteoarthritis and patient-reported outcome measures	7/1/2016
63	2016 consensus statement of the International Ankle Consortium: prevalence, impact and long-term consequences of lateral ankle sprains	6/24/2016
64	2016 Consensus statement on return to sport from the First World Congress in Sports Physical Therapy, Bern	6/22/2016
65	2016 Patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester. Part 2: recommended physical interventions (exercise, taping, bracing, foot orthoses and combined interventions)	6/17/2016
66	National Strength and Conditioning Association Position Statement on Long-Term Athletic Development	6/10/2016
67	Spanish Consensus Statement: The Treatment of Muscle Tears in Sport	6/3/2016
68	The IOC Consensus Statement: Harassment and Abuse (Non-accidental Violence) in Sport	5/18/2016
69	AOSSM Early Sport Specialization Consensus Statement	5/13/2016
70	Osteoarthritis Action Alliance’s Consensus Opinion for Best Practice Features of Lower Limb Injury Prevention Programs	5/6/2016
71	Interassociation Consensus Statement on Cardiovascular Care of College Student-Athletes	4/29/2016
72	The American Society of Shoulder and Elbow Therapists' Consensus Statement on Rehabilitation Following Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair	4/4/2016
73	The National Strength And Conditioning Association Position Statement On Long-Term Athletic Development	3/7/2016
74	Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance	2/29/2016
75	The American Chiropractic Board of Sports Physicians Position Statement on Pre-Participation Examinations: An Expert Consensus.	1/25/2016
76	Australasian College of Sports Physicians-position statement: The Place of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Therapies in Sport and Exercise Medicine	1/20/2016
77	Selected Issues in Injury and Illness Prevention and the Team Physician: A Consensus Statement	1/6/2016
78	Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 15: Legal Aspects of Medical Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations: A Scientific Statement From the  American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology	11/19/2015
79	Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 14: Sickle Cell Trait: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology	11/18/2015
80	Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 13: Commotio Cordis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology	11/17/2015
81	Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 12: Emergency Action Plans, Resuscitation, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, and Automated External Defibrillators: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology	11/16/2015
82	Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 11: Drugs and Performance-Enhancing Substances: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology	11/15/2015
83	Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 10: The Cardiac Channelopathies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology	11/15/2015
84	Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 9: Arrhythmias and Conduction Defects: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology	11/14/2015
85	Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes with Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 8: Coronary Artery Disease: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology	11/14/2015
86	Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 7: Aortic Diseases, Including Marfan Syndrome: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology	11/13/2015
87	Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 6: Hypertension: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology	11/12/2015
88	Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 5: Valvular Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology	11/12/2015
89	Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 4: Congenital Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology	11/11/2015
90	Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 3: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy and Other Cardiomyopathies, and Myocarditis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology	11/10/2015
91	Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 2: Preparticipation Screening for Cardiovascular Disease in Competitive Athletes: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology	11/10/2015
92	Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 1: Classification of Sports: Dynamic, Static, and Impact: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology	11/9/2015
93	Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Preamble, Principles, and General Considerations: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology	11/9/2015
94	Tackling in Youth Football	11/2/2015
95	Updating ACSM's Recommendations for Exercise Preparticipation Health Screening	10/19/2015
96	National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Exertional Heat Illnesses.	8/24/2015
97	Statement of the Third International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Carlsbad, California, 2015	7/13/2015
98	The Surgical Management of Symptomatic Articular Cartilage Defects of the Knee: Consensus Statements from United Kingdom Knee Surgeons	6/29/2015
99	International Olympic Committee Consensus Statement on Youth Athletic Development	6/19/2015
100	Doha Agreement Meeting on Terminology and Definitions in Groin Pain in Athletes	6/5/2015
101	Consensus recommendations on training and competing in the heat	5/18/2015
102	Australian Institute of Sport and the Australian Paralympic Committee Position Statement: Urinary Tract Infection in Spinal Cord Injured Athletes	5/4/2015
103	Clinical recommendations for sport practice in diabetic patients (RECORD Guide). Diabetes Mellitus Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN).	4/17/2015
104	Interassociation Recommendations for Developing a Plan to Recognize and Refer Student-Athletes With Psychological Concerns at the Secondary School Level: A Consensus Statement	3/9/2015
105	The Team Physician and Strength and Conditioning of Athletes for Sports: A Consensus Statement	2/9/2015
106	Development of Clinical Recommendations for Progressive Return to Activity After Military Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Guidance for Rehabilitation Providers.	1/13/2015
107	Advancing the Preparticipation Physical Evaluation: An ACSM and FIMS Joint Consensus Statement	12/1/2014
108	American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons’ Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline: Management of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries	11/4/2014
109	American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) Position Statement: Interventional Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in Sports Medicine	10/31/2014
110	2014 ESC Guidelines on Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).	9/8/2014
111	Recommendations for Policy Development Regarding Sport-Related Concussion Prevention and Management in Canada	9/5/2014
112	Inter-association Guidelines: Independent Medical Care for College Student-Athletes, Diagnosis and Management of Sport-Related Concussion, and Year-Round Football Practice Contact	7/28/2014
113	Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine Position Statement: Neuromuscular Training Programs Can Decrease Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Youth Soccer Players	5/5/2014
114	The IOC Consensus Statement: Beyond the Female Athlete Triad—Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S)	3/21/2014
115	National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Management of Sport Concussion	3/14/2014
116	Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine Position Statement: Athletes at High Altitude	3/10/2014
117	Patellofemoral Pain: Consensus Statement from the 3rd International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat Held in Vancouver, September 2013	2/28/2014
118	Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) Guidelines for the Non-Surgical Management of Knee Osteoarthritis	2/14/2014
119	National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Preparticipation Physical Examinations and Disqualifying Conditions	2/10/2014
120	2014 Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement on Treatment and Return to Play of the Female Athlete Triad	1/31/2014
121	Overuse Injuries and Burnout in Youth Sports: A Position Statement from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine	1/10/2014
122	‘Treatment of the Sportsman's groin’: British Hernia Society's 2014 Position Statement Based on the Manchester Consensus Conference	12/17/2013
123	Selected Issues for Nutrition and the Athlete: a Team Physician Consensus Statement	11/27/2013
124	An Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of lumbar Disc Herniation with Radiculopathy	11/27/2013
125	Returning to Learning Following a Concussion: A Clinical Report from the American Academy of Pediatrics	11/8/2013
126	How to Treat Guyon's Canal Syndrome? Results from the European HANDGUIDE Study: a Multidisciplinary Treatment Guideline	11/8/2013
127	Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Evidence-Based Guideline, 2nd Edition	11/8/2013
128	How to Minimise the Health Risks to Athletes Who Compete in Weight-Sensitive Sports Review and Position Statement on Behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition, Health and Performance, Under the Auspices of the IOC Medical Commission	10/10/2013
129	Inter-Association Recommendations for Developing a Plan to Recognize and Refer Student-Athletes With Psychological Concerns at the Collegiate Level: An Executive Summary of a Consensus Statement	10/1/2013
130	Position statement on youth resistance training: the 2014 International Consensus	9/26/2013
131	Inter-Association Consensus Statement on Best Practices for Sports Medicine Management for Secondary Schools and Colleges	7/29/2013
132	Team Physician Consensus Statement: 2013 Update	7/26/2013
133	National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Conservative Management and Prevention of Ankle Sprains in Athletes	7/19/2013
134	CPR Quality: Improving Cardiac Resuscitation Outcomes Both Inside and Outside the Hospital: A Consensus Statement From the American Heart Association	7/15/2013
135	Screening for Sudden Cardiac Death Before Participation in High School and Collegiate Sports: American College of Preventive Medicine Position Statement on Preventive Practice	7/5/2013
136	The Inter-Association Task Force for Preventing Sudden Death in Secondary School Athletics Programs: Best Practices Recommendations	6/14/2013
137	National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement:  Evaluation of Dietary Supplements for Performance Nutrition	6/7/2013
138	The Second International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium (ISTS) Vancouver 2012: Sports and Exercise-Related Tendinopathies	5/3/2013
139	National Association of School Nurses Position Statement: Concussions – The Role of the School Nurse	5/3/2013
140	Policy Statement From the American College of Physicians and the Federation of State Medical Boards: Online Medical Professionalism: Patient and Public Relationships	4/26/2013
141	2013 Consensus Statement From the ‘Scapular Summit’: Clinical Implications of Scapular Dyskinesis in Shoulder Injury	4/19/2013
142	American Academy of Neurology: Summary of Evidence-based Guideline Update: Evaluation and Management of Concussion in Sports	3/18/2013
143	Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport: the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2012	3/13/2013
144	National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Lightning Safety for Athletics and Recreation	3/2/2013
145	International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Energy Drinks	1/14/2013
146	New Consensus Statement: Overtraining Syndrome	12/20/2012
147	American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement: Concussion in Sport	12/17/2012
148	American College of Sports Medicine Updated Consensus Statements: Sideline Preparedness & Return to Play (2 Consensus Statements)	11/23/2012
149	Terminology and Classification of Muscle Injuries in Sport: The Munich Consensus Statement	10/30/2012
150	American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement: Cheerleading Injuries: Epidemiology and Recommendations for Prevention	10/23/2012
151	National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement:  Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids	9/24/2012
152	Recommendations of the National Football League Physician Society Task Force on the Use of Toradol® Ketorolac in the National Football League	9/3/2013
153	The Dutch Orthopaedic Association: Guideline on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury	8/30/2012
154	International Olympic Committee Consensus Statement on Thermoregulatory and Altitude Challenges for High-Level Athletes	6/18/2012
155	Consensus Statement: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Ankle Sprains: an Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline	4/29/2012
156	American College of Rheumatology: 2012 Recommendations for the Use of Nonpharmacologic & Pharmacologic Therapies in Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee	4/9/2012
157	Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association: Low Back Pain: Clinical Practice Guidelines Linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health	4/2/2012
158	Current status of body composition assessment in sport: review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission	2/17/2012
159	2011 SOSORT Guidelines: Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment of Idiopathic Scoliosis During Growth	2/3/2012
160	American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Clinical Practice Guideline on: Optimizing the Management of Rotator Cuff Problems	1/27/2012
161	International Association of Dental Traumatology Guidelines For the Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries: 1. Fractures and Luxations of Permanent Teeth	1/16/2012
162	Inter-organization Position Statement: Role of Neuropsychologists in the Evaluation and Management of Sport-related Concussion	12/17/2011
163	National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Preventing Sudden Death in Sports	12/10/2011
164	Concussion (Mild Traumatic Brain Injury) and the Team Physician: A Consensus Statement—2011 Update	11/19/2011
165	American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and the Athlete	9/7/2011
166	Canadian Academy of Sport & Exercise Medicine Releases New Position Statement: Abuse, Harassment, and Bullying in Sport	9/6/2011
167	American Academy of Pediatrics & Canadian Paediatric Society: Policy Statement on Boxing Participation among Children & Adolescents	8/29/2011
168	American College of Sports Medicine & American Diabetes Association: Joint Position Statement: Exercise & Type 2 Diabetes	8/14/2011
169	American Academy of Pediatrics: Policy Statement – Climatic Heat Stress and Exercising Children and Adolescents	8/13/2011
170	National Association of School Nurses Releases New Position Statement: The Role of the School Nurse and School-Based Health Centers	6/18/2011
171	NATA Releases New Position Statement: Safe Weight Loss & Maintenance Practices In Sport & Exercise	6/16/2011